The austenite grain growth in microalloyed steels is governed by thermally activated migration of grain boundaries, influenced by the presence of solutes and precipitates. At elevated temperatures, ...

Retained austenite plays a crucial role in determining the hardness, toughness, and strength of martensitic steel alloys. The quenching of these alloys forms a hard martensitic phase, but incomplete ...

Metalworkers and metallurgists have long appreciated the ability to tailor the performance characteristics of steel (an alloy of iron and carbon), including their strength, hardness, ductility and ...

Duplex stainless steels are typically known to have a dualphase microstructure that contains both ferrite and austenite grains. This so-called microstructure offers a uniquely beneficial combination ...

TRIP steels have a microstructure consisting of at least five volume percent of retained austenite, which is embedded in a primary ferrite matrix. The microstructure also contains hard phases like ...