How does the immune system fight pathogens? The immune system has two distinct components: mucosal and circulatory. The mucosal immune system provides protection at the mucosal surfaces of the body.

It’s hard to think of vaccination without associating it with a sharp jab in the arm. But there are other, more gentle ways of activating the immune system, such as administering vaccines via the nose ...

A team of scientists, led by Duke-NUS Medical School, has discovered a potential intranasal vaccine candidate that provides improved, longer-lasting immunity against SARS-CoV-2 viruses compared to ...

A nurse prepares a dose of a vaccine. — © AFP KAMIL KRZACZYNSKI A nurse prepares a dose of a vaccine. — © AFP KAMIL KRZACZYNSKI Flossing between your teeth ...

The mucosal surfaces that line the body are embedded with defensive molecules that help keep microbes from causing ...

Researchers have demonstrated a novel vaccine delivery method in an animal model, using dental floss to introduce vaccine via the tissue between the teeth and gums. (Nanowerk News) The testing found ...

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis RAS, also known as canker sores, is a common and usually painful ulcerative condition of the mouth. Its prevalence in the United States may be as high as 20%. RAS is a ...