Traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control systems often encounter challenges related to nonlinearity and time-variability. Original dung beetle optimizer (DBO) offers fast convergence ...

In this study, a novel cascaded exponential proportional–integral–derivative (exp-PID) controller tuned by the starfish optimization algorithm (SFOA) is proposed for enhancing the transient and steady ...

Over three decades ago, real-time software was predominantly written in assembly language or a combination of assembly and the C programming language. Even today, certain digital signal processing ...

Controlling hydraulic motion with precision involves understanding the fundamental difference between servo motors and hydraulic actuators. Electric motors generally respond linearly to control inputs ...