In well-designed courses, summative assessments align to, and measure, specific learning outcomes of a course. Therefore, the better students perform on these indicators, the more likely they are to ...

Students often draw upon a diverse set of prior understanding and experiences when attempting to explain phenomena. Formative assessment allows teachers to better understand students’ alternative ...

This chapter discusses the relationships between formative and summative assessments—both in the classroom and externally. In addition to teachers, site-and district-level administrators and decision ...