The history of life stretches back untold eons. Today, there is a staggering array of organisms on Earth, with more species being discovered every year. The complexity of life, from the smallest ...

Over 150 years ago, a fossilized organism known as Prototaxites emerged as an enigma regarding what early land life may have been like. As an organism that appeared to grow up through Earth’s crust in ...

Learn about Prototaxites, a bizarre group of prehistoric organisms that fall within an unknown lineage of extinct life.

Shared ancestry may produce ecological similarity, with closely related species having similar ecological niches 8,9. This idea may be traced back to Darwin’s famous statement that the struggle for ...

A new evolutionary definition of cell types is presented. Cell types are evolutionary units defined by common descent rather than phenotypic similarity, and characterized by their ability to evolve ...