The EU has agreed a package of 21 billion euros ($24.7 billion) of countermeasures, but not put them into force. The bloc is also looking into a second package, originally envisaged at 95 billion euros. That has now been whittled down to 72 billion euros after lobbying from various EU members, two of the diplomats said.

On July 2, President Donald Trump finalized a new trade agreement with Vietnam, which he had personally negotiated with General Secretary Nguyen Xuan Phuc. The deal has a tariff of 20%, which will be assessed on all goods imported from Vietnam, and a 40% charge on any goods that might be considered transshipped goods.